On the connections between the population of the Crimea and the Carpathian Basin in the late-Roman period
Recently two Late Roman cemeteries, in Druzhnoe and
Neusatz, have been under the research in the Crimea. 24 vaults, 29
shaft-and-chamber graves, 13 ditch graves used for people's burial and
14 horse burials in ditch graves were unearthed in Druzhnoe. The part of
the cemetery which remained intact have been investigated completely. On
the territory of Neusatz cemetery 14 vaults, 26 shaft-and-chamber graves,
24 ditch graves (including 1 horse grave and 2 graves with "shoulder-blades")
and 2 graves of unique construction were excavated. The research work on
this necropolis is still going on.
Among the grave articles we have discovered more than 600 moulded,
about 200 red-lacquered and more than 40 glass vessels, about 100 silver
and bronze buckles, more than 50 fibulas, different items of armament (about
30 swords, military axes, heads for spears and arrows), hundreds of different
decorations, including gold and silver ones with carnelian, coins, more
than 8,000 beads and many other artifacts.
Probably, both cemeteries sprang up as a result of settling of the Sarmatians at the end of the 2nd or the beginning of the 3rd centuries. In the first half of the 3rd century the first Alans who had come from the Northern Caucasus began to use these cemeteries. In the 4th century the Alans became the main population of the Crimean foothills. Besides characteristics common for the Sarmatians and the Alans, the influence of provincial-antique centers is very noticeable in the material culture represented in the cemetery, and besides the elements of burial rite and grave articles brought to the Crimea from the areal of cultures, in the formation of which the Germans took part were also traced through.
In the cemetery there were found a great deal of objects which have direct analogies with those found in the Carpathian Basin. Among them there are objects which were spread among the Sarmatians and on the borders of the Roman provinces (amphorae, red-lacquered earthenware and glassware, fibulas with inverted foot, buckles, decorations, bridle-bits, mirrors, etc.). In this very case we are interested in the items of the grave articles, which are seldom met in the Crimea or the Carpathian Basin and, therefore, can point to the existence of separate relations between the two regions. The tradition to put the rings (sometimes earrings or bracelets) on fibulas was widely spread in the Crimea in the 2nd–3rd centuries. Beyond the borders of the Crimea, as far as I know, it was recorded only once – in the cemetery of Felsőpusztaszer. In one of the vaults in Druzhnoe two large cauri shells with bronze wire rings run through were found between the knees of a buried woman. This very find was a unique one on the territory of the Crimea, but cauri shells on the wire were found not once in the areals of Wielbark and Cherniahov cultures, and, particularly often, in Sarmatian burials on the territory of Hungary. Strongly profiled fibula consisting of two parts with a bead, crest on a hoop and a high receiver (Group 10, subgroup 2 according to the classification of Ambroz) found in one of the graves in Neusatz was used as a pendant in a child's necklace. No other fibulas of this kind were found in the Crimea. Most of all they are met in Pannonia, Dacia and the adjoining territories. In Druzhnoe and Neusatz the most common type of fibulas in the 4th century are the ones consisting of two parts, the so-called warriors' fastenings or fibulas with a solid receiver, according to common constructive scheme close to group 17, subgroup 1 of Ambroz's classification = Almgren 169. But fibulas from Druzhnoe and Neusatz differ from numerous ones from the central and northern parts of Europe in material (they are made of iron) and some details. Probably, in the Crimea iron "warriors" fibulas were manufactured using north-western bronze patterns. In the richest grave in Druzhnoe a silver article was found, it consisted of two plates inserted into each other and decorated with pendants. It is not known what such things were used for, but their areal is interesting for us. It took in the Crimea, North-Western Black Sea Coast, Moldavia and Romania, and that, perhaps, shows the direction of trade and cultural contacts.. In all cases, the wares which were spoken about were found in female burials of the first half –mid-3rd century.
In the earliest vault of the first half of the 3rd century in
the cemetery of Neusatz there were found the remnants of a leather bag
with bronze details of horse harness, among them faceted belt heads, cut
hoops, hoops with clamps, buckles and 7 sculptural animal heads with holes
for inserting belts. Similar bridle sets are sometimes met in rich Late
Sarmatian, usually warriors' burials on the territory from the Urals to
Hungary. Only sculptural animal heads are considered to be unique. The
above mentioned facts allow us to show the problem of cultural contacts
between the population of the Crimea and Carpathian Basin in the Late Roman
period.